WP3: Final Draft

- Statement of Purpose

- Rough Draft 1

- Rough Draft 2

Author's Note

Humans take things for granted. It's just the way we are. People don't really appreciate their health until they get sick. Teenagers don't appreciate their privileges until they get grounded. And too often, we don't appreciate the family and friends around us until they're gone.

I think the same can be said for our rights here in America. We take for granted the Bill of Rights. The right to vote and freedom of speech. The right of equality regardless of race, gender or sexual orientation. And while we may live in a world where we can take these things for granted, there was a time not too long ago where these rights didn't exist for many American citizens.

In fact, when the constitution itself was written with the original Bill of Rights, slavery was common practice and perfectly acceptable. And women didn't fare much better. They couldn't vote, work or do anything else in a man's world. They had a defined role as a house wife and were expected to keep it. It wasn't a choice.

Fortunately things have changed. Slavery no longer exists. Women have equal rights as men. And for the most part, racism and bigotry is declining here in the United States.

But worldwide, the problem has not gone away. This essay aims to remind readers of how far we have come and how far we have yet to go. It forces us to remember the terrible acts we have committed as a nation so that we do not make those mistakes again.

And just like Torso in 1932, this essay has a message to the world. All men and women are created equal. It's time we make the whole world reflect those values. No excuses, no more delays. The time for action is now.

-----

Torso was created in 1932 by a man named William Zorach.

The sculpture is loyal to it's name, presenting itself as an attractive female torso. But there is a twist. It lacks arms, legs and a face, which forces the eyes to focus almost exclusively on the breasts and lower female genitalia. It is a fascinating piece of artwork with many symbolic themes and rhetorical arguments boldly sending their message to the world.

But to completely understand Torso and what it represents, we must take a look at William Zorach and the time period in which he created this sculpture.

Zorach was born in Eurburg, Lithuania in 1889, before immigrating to Ohio two years later as a toddler. By the time he became a teenager, Zorach was taking art classes at the Cleveland School of Art and the National Academy of Design. He continued studying art during his youth and decided to travel the world to learn about different types of art.

During the 1920's Zorach experimented with a variety of art, including wood, oil painting and carving. Rejecting Renaissance Naturalism, Zorach generally ignored surface detail and was an artist who instead focused on the simple things to send a clearer message.

In 1932 Zorach created Torso from a solid mass called Labrador Granite. This material is renowned for it's hardness and difficulty to sculpt, meaning that any details we see on Torso took a lot of effort to create and have a purpose. The material is also dark brown, which gives Torso and the woman it represents the skin color of a minority.

And when the skin color is observed on the violent and broken female body that is Torso, it only strengthens the notion that this piece of art is a message about women, race and sex. In the 1930's when Torso was created, African Americans had no rights. Segregated schools and communities meant that for most minorities, life was full of poverty and disrespect simply based on the color of skin (Slavery in the United States).

When you look closely at the back of Torso, you see hundreds of little nicks and cuts on the woman's back. For an artist that generally ignored surface detail, Zorach clearly went out of his way to establish a connection between the African American woman he was portraying, and the form of punishment slaves endured in the 19th century; whippings and lashings that left scars for a lifetime (A Slave's Life).

These markings create pathos by causing an emotional effect on it's audience. We feel compassion and pity for this human that has endured such a terrible act. But there is also an emptiness because without a face, we feel no human connection. It's almost like this woman is a sexual object and not a person. Perhaps this was intentional; a snapshot of how people viewed women in the 1930's. Like a wounded animal, we feel pity for this creature but can live with it because it is not human.

Like the color of Torso's skin, it is no accident that the violent and broken body that is Torso belongs not to a man, but a woman. We have to remember context, and realize that Zorach grew up in a time where women were not equal to men. They lacked equality in the law, in the work force and in their expected role from society. In fact until 1920, women didn't even have the right vote. (The History of Women's History).

So what did Zorach think of minorities and women? For an artist that pays so much attention to the detail he does include in his work, it is interesting that he created the broken body of a naked woman, who is only represented by her breasts and lower sexual organs. Oh, she has no head. A violent gesture which demonstrates the removal of her voice from society.

This form of ethos eliminates her identity. Torso can't give an opinion, speak freely or contribute her ideas to the world. She is silent, and not by choice. Her voice has been violently taken from her.

But Zorach didn't stop there. He cut off the arms and legs of Torso, which renders it useless. Without hands, a woman can't work or be productive in the world. And without feet she is stuck, unable to find her way. And because Torso is restricted and handicapped, she is essentially a burden to society.

But at the same time, I don't believe Zorach felt this way. He was simply portraying the views of society. Consider how many hours he must spent perfectly sculpting the woman's breasts and female genitalia. In his mind, women were clearly beautiful and a gift to the world. It was society that was taking away their rights, their voice and their freedom.

But things have changed since 1932 for African Americans and women. A perfect example of this came in 2008 when the United States elected it's first African American President in Barack Obama. We also have the most influential woman on television; a woman named Oprah Winfrey. These are examples of a world more tolerant and accepting of women and minorities than ever before.

But Zorach must have known that Torso would outlive him. That his audience would change and that people from the future would view his artwork. And because of that, he must have intended on reminding the future of the dark and evil world in which Zorach emerged from. He did not want us to forget the sins of his time.

And we can't forget because the fight isn't over. Minorities still lack full equality in the United States. Gays and lesbians face their own civil rights movement as they fight for equal marriage. And worldwide, millions of people are oppressed because of their skin color. Slavery still exists and racial genocide is still common in many parts of the world (Rwanda Genocide).

And so Torso is still relevant. It had a powerful message in 1932 that still needs to be heard today. Right now there are millions of broken human beings out there who have no voice, who have no power.

But we can change that, for we know that when people come together and take action, anything can happen. That is how we elected an African American leader of the free world.

In the words of Barack Obama

Yes We Can.

-----

Works Cited

• “Slavery in the United States” Economic History Association. 2009. December 3rd, 2009 <http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/wahl.slavery.us>

• “A Slave's Life” Eyewitness To History. 2007. December 3rd, 2009 <http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/slavelife.htm>

• "The History of Women's History" Info Please. 2007. December 3rd, 2009 <http://www.infoplease.com/spot/womensintro1.html>

• "Rwanda Genocide" BBC News. 2008. December 3rd, 2009 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1288230.stm>

WP3: Rough Draft 2

Torso was created in 1932 by a man named William Zorach.

The sculpture is loyal to it's name, presenting itself as an attractive female torso. But there is a twist. It lacks arms, legs and a face, which forces the eyes to focus almost exclusively on the breasts and lower female genitalia. It is a fascinating piece of artwork with many symbolic themes and rhetorical arguments boldly sending their message to the world.

But to completely understand Torso and what it represents, we must take a look at William Zorach and the time period in which he created this sculpture.

Zorach was born in Eurburg, Lithuania in 1889, before immigrating to Ohio two years later as a toddler. By the time he became a teenager, Zorach was taking art classes at the Cleveland School of Art and the National Academy of Design.

He continued studying art during his youth and decided to travel the world to learn about different types of art. It was on one of his trips that he met Margeurite Thompson, whom he later married and settled down with.

During the 1920's Zorach experimented with a variety of art, including wood, oil painting and carving. Rejecting Renaissance Naturalism, Zorach generally ignored surface detail and was an artist who instead focused on the simple things to send a clearer message.

In 1932 Zorach created Torso from a solid mass called Labrador Granite. This material is renowned for it's hardness and difficulty to sculpt, meaning that any details we see on Torso took a lot of effort to create and have a purpose. The material is also dark brown, which gives Torso and the woman it represents the skin color of a minority.

When the skin color is observed on the violent and broken female body that is Torso, it only strengthens the notion that this piece of art is a message about women, race and sex. In the 1930's when Torso was created, African Americans had no rights. Segregated schools and communities meant that for most minorities, life was full of poverty and disrespect simply based on the color of skin.

When you look closely at the back of Torso, you see hundreds of little nicks and cuts on the woman's back. For an artist that generally ignored surface detail, Zorach clearly went out of his way to establish a connection between the African American woman he was portraying, and the form of punishment slaves endured in the 19th century; whippings and lashings that left scars for a lifetime.

These markings create pathos by causing an emotional effect on it's audience. We feel compassion and pity for this human that has endured such a terrible act. But there is also an emptiness because without a face, we feel no human connection. It's almost like this woman is a sexual object and not a person. Perhaps this was intentional; a snapshot of how people viewed women in the 1930's. Like a wounded animal, we feel pity for this creature but can live with it because it is not human.

Like the color of Torso's skin, it is no accident that the violent and broken body that is Torso belongs not to a man, but a woman. We have to remember context, and realize that Zorach grew up in a time where women were not equal to men. They lacked equality in the law, in the work force and in their expected role from society.

Just a few years before Torso was completed, women did not even have the right to vote. Domestic violence was generally tolerated. Women were expected to be a good house wife to their husband and to take care of the kids. Their entire identity was defined at the moment of birth because they were a woman.

So what did Zorach think of minorities and women? For an artist that pays so much attention to the detail he does include in his work, it is interesting that he created the broken female body of a naked woman, who is only represented by her breasts and lower sexual organs. Oh, she has no head. A violent gesture which also demonstrates the removal of her voice from society.

This form of ethos eliminates her identity. Torso can't give an opinion, speak freely or contribute her ideas to the world. She is silent, and not by choice. Her voice has been violently taken from her.

But Zorach didn't stop there. He cut off the arms and legs of Torso, which renders it useless to society. Without hands, a woman can't work or be productive in the world. And without feet she is stuck, unable to find her way on her own. And because Torso is restricted and handicapped, she is essentially a burden to society.

To put it bluntly, it seems that the only thing Torso is good for is sex. Zorach is sending a message that women can't do much in a world dominated by men. .

But at the same time, I don't believe Zorach felt this way. He was simply portraying the views of society. Consider how many hours he must spent perfectly sculpting the woman's breasts and female genitalia. In his mind, women were clearly beautiful and a gift to the world. It was society that was taking away their rights, their voice and their freedom.

But things have changed since 1932 for African Americans and women. A perfect example of this came in 2008 when the United States elected it's first African American President in Barack Obama. We also have the most influential woman on television; a woman named Oprah Winfrey. These are examples of a world more tolerant and accepting of women and minorities than ever before.

But Zorach must have known that Torso would outlive him. He must have known that his audience would change and that people from the future would view his artwork. And because of that, he must have intended on reminding his audience of the dark and evil world in which Zorach emerged from. He did not want us to forget the sins of his time.

And we can't forget because the fight isn't over. Minorities still lack full equality in the United States. Gays and lesbians face their own civil rights movement as they fight for equal marriage. And worldwide, millions of people are oppressed because of their skin color. Slavery still exists and racial genocide is still common in many parts of the world.

And so Torso is still relevant. It had a powerful message in 1932 that still needs to be heard today. There are millions of broken human beings out there who have no voice, who have no power.

But we can change that, for we know that when people come together and take action, anything can happen. That is how we elected an African American leader of the free world.

In the words of Barack Obama

Yes We Can.

WP3: Rough Draft 1

Torso was created in 1932 by a man named William Zorach.

It is loyal to it's name, presenting itself as an attractive female torso. But it lacks arms, legs and a face, which forces the eyes to focus almost exclusively on the female anatomy. It is a fascinating piece of artwork with many symbolic themes and rhetorical arguments boldly sending their message to the world.

But to completely understand Torso and what it represents, we must understand William Zorach and the time period that he created this sculpture.

Zorach was born in Eurburg, Lithuania in 1889, before immigrating to Ohio two years later as a toddler. By the time he became a teenager, Zorach was taking art classes at the Cleveland School of Art and the National Academy of Design.

He continued studying art during his youth and decided to travel the world to learn about different types of art. It was on one of his trips that he met Margeurite Thompson, whom he later married and settled down with.

During the 1920's Zorach experimented with a variety of art, including wood, oil painting and carving. Rejecting Renaissance Naturalism, Zorach instead drew inspiration from African, Chinese, Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Greek art. In his own work he generally ignored surface detail and was an artist who instead focused on the simple things to send a clear message.

"Real sculpture is something monumental, something hewn from a solid mass, something with response, with inner and outer form; with strength and power," Zorach said.

In 1932 Zorach created Torso from a solid mass called Labrador Granite. This material is not easy to cut, and is renowned for it's hardness and difficulty to sculpt. The material is also dark brown, which gives Torso and the woman it represents the skin color of a minority whether by accident or coincidence.

Regardless, when the skin color is observed on the violent and broken female body that is Torso, it only strengthens the notion that this piece of art is a message about women, race and sex. In the 1930's when Torso was created, African Americans had no rights. Segregated schools and communities meant that for most minorities, life was full of poverty and disrespect simply based on the color of skin.

When you look closely at the back of Torso, you see hundreds of little nicks and cuts on the woman's back. For an artist that generally ignored surface detail, Zorach clearly went out of his way to establish a connection between the African American woman he was portraying, and the form of punishment slaves endured in the 19th century; whippings and lashings that left scars for a lifetime.

But like the color of Torso's skin, it is no accident that the violent and broken body that is Torso belongs to a woman. Zorach grew up in a time where women were not equal to men. They lacked equality in the law, in the work force and in their expected role from society. While today it seems completely normal to see women on television, at the office and even playing professional sports, things were not always like this.

Just a few years before Torso was completed, women did not even have the right to vote. Domestic abuse was generally tolerated. Women were expected to be caregivers of their husband. Females were supposed to grow up, have kids and raise them like a good house wife. Their entire identity was largely defined at the moment of birth simply because they were a woman.

So what did Zorach think of minorities and women? Again, for an artist that pays so much attention to the detail he does include in his work, we see the broken female body of a naked woman, whose only represented by her breasts and lower sexual organs. Oh, and she is decapitated. She has no head, which also means she has no voice in society. Torso can't give an opinion, speak freely or contribute her ideas to the world. She is silent, and not by choice. Her voice has been violently taken from her.

But Zorach didn't stop there. He cut off the arms and legs of Torso, which renders it useless to society. Without hands, a woman can't work or be productive in the world. And without feet she is not free to move around the world on her own as she pleases. Torso is restricted, handicapped and for the most part a burden on society.

To put it bluntly, it seems that the only thing Torso is good for is sex. Zorach is sending a message that women can't do much in a world dominated by men. And while it might be a stretch to say that all American's felt this way in the 1930's, clearly some did have these views of women and minorities. And that is the message we see in Torso.

But things have changed since 1932 for African Americans and women. A perfect example of this came in 2008 when the United States elected it's first African American President in Barack Obama. We also have the most influential woman on television; a woman named Opra Winfrey. And arguably the most talked about person in politics with Sarah Palin and her potential presidential run as a woman in 2012. In short, we live in a world more tolerant and accepting of women and minorities than ever before.

But Torso reminds us of our past and the dark history we can not forget. We must look at the future and ask how we can make the world better, for these problems have not dissapeared. Minorities still lack full equality in the United States in many ways subliminal ways. Gay and lesbians face their own civil rights movement in America as they fight for equal marriage. And worldwide, millions of people are oppressed because of their skin color and other genetic factors. Slavery still exists, and racial genocide is still common in many parts of the world.

And so the message of Torso is still relevant. And I think that's how Zorach would have wanted it. He had a powerful message in 1932 that still needs to be heard today. For we know that when people come together and take action, things can change. In the words of Barack Obama, "Yes we can."

WP3: Statement of Purpose

The object called Torso was created in 1932 by a man named William Zorach.

It is loyal to it's name, presenting itself as an attractive female torso. But it lacks arms, legs and a face, which forces the eyes to focus exclusively on the sexual female anatomy. And when evaluating this sculpture, a number of questions are raised and must be addressed.

First and foremost, why did Zorach choose a woman for Torso? During the 1930's women did not have many of the rights and priveleges that they do today. In other words, a sculpture like this meant something different in 1932 than it would today. The violent removal of the arms, legs and head are shocking when first observed. I believe an important component to this project will need to address this phenomenon.

Notice also the color of Torso's skin. The material Zorach chose is dark brown, reflecting minority in society either by coincidence or on purpose. Regardless, when observed on the violent and broken female body that is Torso, it only strengthens the notion that this is a message about women, race and sex. In the 1930's African Americans had even fewer rights than women. Segregated schools and communities meant that for most minorities, life was full of poverty and disrespect simply based on the color of skin.

On top of these already powerful factors in Torso are the cuts that can be observed all over Torso's back. The preferred form of punishment during times of slavery was whippings and lashings that left scars for a lifetime. When observing Torso, it is impossible not to notice these marks, and how they were clearly left on Torso intentionally to send a message.

And so, my project will explore all of these concepts in detail, to hopefully decode the rhetorical message Zorach was trying to send to our society. A lot can be said about a female African American body, bruised and cut through years of abuse, with it's head and limbs violently amputated. Zorach had a powerful message that he wanted people to hear.

And while today we live in a much more tolerant society of minorities, we can not forget our history. These ideas and stories of abuse for African Americans almost seem alien, but they did happen. And we must know our history so that we don't repeat those mistakes.

Finally, we must look at the future and ask how we can make the world better. Minorities still lack full equality in the United States in many ways subliminal ways. Gay and lesbians face their own civil rights movement in America as they fight for equal marriage. And worldwide, millions of people are oppressed because of their skin color and other genetic factors. Slavery still exists, and racial genocide is still common in many parts of the world.

And so the message of Torso is still relevant. The problem that it addresses has not gone away. And it's message still needs to be heard, for we know that with action change can occur.

WP3: Prewriting Assignment 5

To understand Torso, we must understand the man who created it and the context in which he sculpted this incredible masterpiece.

Torso was created in 1932, which was in the middle of the Great Depression. It was a time of uncertainty, and certainly a period where living by your means and appreciating the simple things was the best way to survive. Poverty was rampant and many people were losing everything that they had. Their jobs and their homes. Many even had to sell prized possessions such as wedding rings and watches simply to pay for food.

It is no surprise than that William Zorach drew Torso as he did. A simplified version of the human body, part of his message might have been to appreciate the simple things during a difficult time, such as the beauty and love of a woman and her body.

The artist known as William Zorach was born in Eurburg, Lithuania in 1889, before immigrating to Ohio two years later as a toddler. Once Zorach became a teenager, he started taking art classes at the Cleveland School of Art and the National Academy of Design.

He continued to study art at various schools during his youth and traveled the world learning about different types of art. Along the way he met and married Margeurite Thompson, and decided to settle down with her so that he could begin creating his own artistic work.

During the 1920's Zorach experimented with a variety of art, including wood, oil painting and carving. Rejecting Renaissance naturalism, Zorach drew inspiration from African, Chinese, Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Greek art. In his own work he ignored surface detail, and was an artist who focused on the simple things.

"Real sculpture is something monumental, something hewn from a solid mass, something with response, with inner and outer form; with strength and power," Zorach said.

Not surprisingly, all of these characteristics are present in Torso. It is a monumental piece of art created from a solid mass called Labrador Granite. This material is not easy to cut, and is renowned for it's hardness and difficulty to sculpt.

This might also send a message that to create something really beautiful in life, you have to work hard for it. The best things never come easily, and it takes effort and persistance to arrive at the end result.

Another interesting demention to Torso is the tension between naturalism and idealism, as well as dynamism and stasis (I will explore these relationships further in my final project).

"A human body can be reduced to simple elementary forms and become a thing of sheer beauty," said Zorach.

He went on to to win many awards for his work, including the Logan Medal of the Arts. Frank Granger Logan, for whom the award is named for, strongly opposed all forms of modern art, including cubism, surrealism and abstract expressionism.

Zorach taught art at the Art Students League of New York for the remainder of his years before passing away in 1966. But his legacy lives on through his art, including at the University of Nebraska at the Sheldon Art Museum.

This information hasn't really changed my perception of Torso. In fact in a lot of ways it re-enforces many of the ideas I already had about Torso. Ultimately Zorach was a man who focused on the simple things in life and in his art. And I think he wanted others in the world to see the importance of simple but good things as well. All of this and more will be explored in my final project.